Polyacrylamide ((PAM) kye kintu ekikulu eky'ekika ky'ekika ky'ekika ky'ekika ky'ekika ky'ekika ky'ekika ky'ekika ky'ekika ky'ekika ky'ekika ky'ekika ky'ekika. Okulonda n'okukozesa obulungi kukulu nnyo okusobola okukola obulungi, okutuukiriza amateeka g'obutonde, n'okufuga ebbeeyi.

1. Ekifo kya PAM mu Kujjanjaba Amazzi ag'Ebisenge mu Makolero g'Epapula

PAM y'ekikozesebwa mu mazzi ekikola mu ngeri bbiri:

Coagulation (Charge Neutralization): Okusingira ddala ku cationic PAM. Ebitundu byayo eby'omugaso bikakasa ebitundu eby'omugaso eby'omugaso (Zeta potential) eby'ebitundu eby'omugaso eby'omugaso (ng'ekyokulabirako, ebitundu eby'omugaso, ebitundu eby'omugaso, ebitundu eby'omugaso), bikakasa obutebenkevu

Flocculation (Bridging): Enkola za polymer ez'obuwanvu eza PAM zisimba ku bitundu ebitalina butuukirivu era ne zigatta wamu, ne zifuula ebitundu ebinene, ebinene, era ebisaanira amangu.

Ebirala byonna:

Enhanced Solid-Liquid Separation: Okuteekateeka okw'amangu kw'ebitundu ebiyinza okuteekebwawo oba ebiyinza okutambula mu nkola z'okunnyonnyola (okuteekebwawo oba okutambula).

Okulongozebwa kw'omutindo gw'amazzi: Okukendeeza okw'amaanyi mu Suspended Solids (SS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), langi, n'obuzibu bw'amazzi agakolebwa.

Okuggya amazzi ag'omutindo ogusingawo: Okuteekawo amazzi ag'omutindo ogusingawo ng'okozesa ebitundu ebitonotono, okufulumya amazzi agakwatagana, n'okwongera ku bungi bw'amasannyalaze ag'omutindo ogusingawo, okukendeeza ku bungi bw'amasannyalaze n'ebbeeyi.

2. Okulonda Polyacrylamide (PAM)

Okulonda nkola nzibu erina okumanyibwa okuyita mu kugezesa kw'ebikozesebwa mu maaso n'okugezesa ku kifo, kubanga amazzi ag'omusaayi gawukana nnyo wakati w'ebikozesebwa mu maaso. PAM esangibwa okusinziira ku muwendo gwayo ogwa ionic:

A. Okulonda okusinziira ku Kika kya Ionic n'Ekitundu ky'Okukozesa

Ekitundu ky'EnkolaEbintu by'amazzi ag'omusaayi/omusaayiEkika kya PAM ekiragiddwaEnkola

Okujjanjaba Okusooka (Okunyonnyola: Okusiika/Okusiika)Neutral/alkaline pH, omutindo ogusingawo ogw'ebikoola ebiriko obuzibu, ebijjuza (kaolin, CaCO) ₃), ne colloids. SS ne COD ez'amaanyi.Anionic (APAM) oba Non-Ionic (NPAM)Anionic PAM ekola awamu n'ebikozesebwa mu kukwatagana n'ebikozesebwa mu kukwatagana n'ebikozesebwa mu kukwatagana n'ebikozesebwa mu kukwatagana n'ebikozesebwa mu kukwatagana n'ebikozesebwa mu kukwatagana Coagulant ekuuma amasannyalaze; APAM oluvannyuma ekozesa ebitundu ebitalina buzibu mu bitundu ebinene. NPAM ekola bulungi mu bitundu bya pH ebitalina buzibu.

Okuggya amazzi mu mazzi (Belt Press, Centrifuge)Ensigo okuva mu bujjanjabi bw'ebiramu oba okulongoosa okusooka. Ebintu ebirimu obutonde obunene, ebirimu obuzito obubi ennyo, ebirimu amazzi, era bikizibu okuggyawo amazzi.Cationic (CPAM)Ebisenge ebirungi ebya CPAM bikendeeza ku bisenge ebibi eby'ebitundu by'omusaayi oguyitibwa organic sludge. Kino, awamu ne polymer bridging, kiziyiza enkola ya colloid ey'obutebenkevu, okufulumya amazzi n'okulongoosa obusobozi bw'okuggya amazzi mu mazzi.

Okufulumya kw'empewo (DAF)Erimu ebintu ebitonotono nga fine, resins, n'ebikozesebwa mu kupima.Anionic (APAM) oba Low Ionicity CationicEkikola ebitundu eby'amaanyi, eby'obunene n'obunene obutuufu okusobola okugatta obulungi ku bubble z'empewo entono n'okutambula amangu.

B. Okulonda okusinziira ku Buzito bwa Molecular (MW)

MW ey'amaanyi ennyo (>18 million g/mol): Ekisunga nnyo okutegeeza. Enkola za polymer ez'obuwanvu ziwa enkolagana ennungi, nga zikola ebitundu ebinene, eby'amangu.

MW ey'omutindo ogusinga okutuuka ku gwa waggulu (10 - 18 million g/mol): Ekitundu ekisinga okuba eky'omutindo ogusinga okukozesebwa mu kuggya amazzi mu mazzi.

C. Okulonda okusinziira ku Ionicity (Ku Cationic PAM - Ekikulu mu Kuggya Amazzi)

Ionicity (charge density) eyogerwako ng'omuwendo gw'ebitundu era y'ekintu ekikulu eky'okulonda PAM ya cationic ey'okusaasaanya amazzi.

Ionicity entono (10-30%): Ekisinga obulungi ku nsimbi ezitalina butonde (ng'ekyokulabirako, okuva mu kulyogerwa okusooka n'ekitundu oba ekitundu). Ebisenge bino byetaaga okuteekawo ebirungo okusinga okuteekawo ebirungo.

Ionicity ya wakati (40-60%): Ekitundu ekisinga okuba eky'enjawulo. Esobola okukozesebwa mu nsimbi ez'enjawulo (ez'enjawulo ez'enjawulo ez'enjawulo ez'enjawulo ez'enjawulo ez'enjawulo ez'enjawulo ez'enjawulo ez'enjawulo ez'enjawulo).

Ionicity ey'amaanyi (>60%): Ekkulu nnyo eri ebitundu eby'obutonde, ebitundu eby'obutonde. Ebisenge bino birina obugazi bw'amasannyalaze ag'amaanyi era byetaaga okusaasaanya amasannyalaze ag'amaanyi okusobola okusaasaanya amasannyalaze ag'amazzi ag'amaanyi.

Weetegereze: Ionization ey'amaanyi si buli kiseera nnungi. Okusasula okw'amaanyi kuyinza okuleeta polymer chain coiling, okukendeeza ku busobozi bw'okugatta n'okwongera ku bbeeyi.

3. Okukebera n'Okwongera ku Buwanguzi

Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda okwasooka, ebikolwa birina okugezesebwa n'okulongoosebwa.

Okukebera Jar:

Okumanya omutindo ogusingayo obulungi: Okugezesa omutindo ogw'enjawulo ogwa PAM mu mbeera ez'okusaasaanya eziriko obuyinza. Laba obunene bw'ebitundu ebiriko ebitundu ebiriko ebitundu ebiriko ebitundu ebiriko ebitundu ebiriko ebitundu ebiriko ebitundu ebiriko ebitundu ebiriko ebitundu ebiriko ebitundu ebiriko Noonya eddagala eriwa obulungi ku bbeeyi esinga okuba entono.

Okugatta obulungi: Okugatta okw'amangu (okw'okusaasaanya okwasooka) n'okuugatta okw'amangu (okw'okukulaakulana kw'ebitundu awatali kussa) byombi bikulu nnyo.

Okugezesebwa kwa Pilot/Field:

Okukola ebigezo ku byuma ebituufu (ng'ekyokulabirako, belt press). Okulabirira ebiragiro ebikulu eby'emirimu: obukakafu bw'ekika, omuwendo gw'okukozesa polymer, obulungi bw'ekitundu eky'omunda/ekitundu eky'omunda, n'omutindo gw'okukozesa.

Ebiragiro ebikulu eby'ebikolwa (KPIs):

Okunyonnyola: Amaanyi g'okuteekawo, obuzibu obusingawo/SS, okuggyawo COD.

Okuggya amazzi: Ebintu ebiriko mu keki (%), omuwendo gw'okukwata, obulungi bw'okufuula, n'omuwendo buli ttani y'ebintu ebiriko obulungi ebikalu.

4. Ebintu Ebikulu Ebikozesebwa

Okufulumya: Erina okuteekebwawo n'amazzi ag'enjawulo ku bbugumu ly'ekisenge (< 60°C). Kozesa enkola y'okugatta n'okukaddaamu ey'omulembe okukakasa okusaanyizibwa kwonna (emirundi mingi eddakiika 40-60) ku kigero kya 0.1%-0.3%. Okuggya obutali butuufu kuleetawo "amaaso g'ebyennyanja", kukendeeza ku buwanguzi, era kuyinza okuziyiza ebyuma.

Okuteeka: Enfuba ey'ekikalu erina okuteekebwa mu kifo ekikalu, eky'ekikalu mu bintu ebikakabiddwa okuziyiza okunywa kw'ekikalu n'okusaasaana. Enkola eteekeddwawo erina obudde obutonotono (obutera okuba nga <24 hours) nga polymer chains zinoonooneka, ne zikendeeza ku viscosity n'obulungi.

Ekifo eky'okwongera: Ekifo eky'okusiiga kirina okukakasa okukwatagana obulungi n'okugatta n'omusaayi oba amazzi ag'omusaayi.

pH: pH y'amazzi ag'omusaayi eyinza okukosa obunene bw'amasannyalaze n'ebikolwa bya PAM. Okukyusa pH kuyinza okuba okwetaagisa nga polymer tennayongera.

Ekiwandiiko

Tewali PAM ya bulijjo eri amazzi ag'omusaayi ag'amakolero g'empapula.

Amateeka ga Zzaabu: Okunyonnyola kitera okukozesa Anionic PAM; Okuggya amazzi mu mazzi okusingira ddala kukozesa Cationic PAM.

Enkola enkulu: Okulonda kulina okusinziira ku kugezesa ebikoola n'okugezesa mu kisenge okuzuula ekika kya ionic ekisinga obulungi, obuzito bwa molecule, n'obuzito bwa ionic ku mazzi ag'omusaayi n'omusaayi.

Ekigendererwa ekisookerwako: Okutuuka ku nkola esingayo obulungi ey'okulongoosa (amazzi ag'enjawulo, keki ey'omukka) ku bbeeyi y'okukozesa esinga okuba entono.

Okukolagana n'abagaba PAM abamanyi abasobola okuwa obuyambi mu by'obukodyo n'okugezesa ebifaananyi kikubirizibwa nnyo okusobola okufuna ebivuddemu ebirungi.