Polyacrylamide (PAM) ye polymer ey'omutindo ogusobola okusaanuuka mu mazzi era ye flocculant n'ekikozesebwa ennyo mu kulongoosa amazzi ag'omusaayi ag'okukozesa ebyamaguzi, emirundi mingi etuulibwa nga "obuyambi obw'ensi yonna".

I. Ekifo n'Obukugu bwa PAM mu Mazzi ag'Ebisenge ag'Okukola Amayinja

Amazzi ag'omusaayi ag'okukozesa amayinja ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omusaayi ag'omu

Okufulumya n'Okufulumya:

Enkola: Ebibinja ebikola ku PAM molecular chain bikola okuyita mu kuziyiza amasannyalaze n'okuziyiza flocculation. Ziyingira mu bitundu ebiriko obubonero obulungi n'ebitundu ebiriko obubonero obulungi, ne zikola ebitundu ebinene, ebinene ("ebitundu ebiriko obubonero obulungi"), ne byongera ku bungi bw'ebitundu ebiriko obubonero obulungi.

Ekikozesebwa: Ekyokulaakulanya nnyo obulungi bw'ebikozesebwa mu kukola ebintu ebinene n'ebikozesebwa mu kukola ebintu ebinene, nga bifulumya ebikozesebwa mu kukola ebintu ebinene era nga bikendeeza nnyo ku bintu ebinene ebiriko. Eno y'omulimu gwayo omukulu.

Okukuba okw'amaanyi:

Enkola: Mu bintu ebikozesebwa mu kusimba, PAM ekubiriza okugatta ebitundu ebitonotono, n'efula amazzi agali wakati gwabyo okukola ekitundu ekisingawo.

Ekikozesebwa: Okwongera ku bungi bw'amazzi agaddamu okukozesebwa n'okukozesebwa, okukendeeza ku mazzi amayonjo agakozesebwa, n'okulongoosa okuggyawo ebisaanyizo (ng'ekyokulabirako, okuteekawo ebisaanyizo ebikalu).

Obuyambi bw'okufuula:

Enkola: Ebitundu ebikolebwa binene era by'amaanyi, ebiziyiza okusenyuka. Mu kiseera ky'okusaasaanya, bakola keke ey'okusaasaanya ey'ekika, nga kikendeeza ku buzzi bw'ekika era n'okwongera ku bungi bw'okusaasaanya.

Ekikozesebwa: Ekyokulaakulanya obulungi bw'ebikozesebwa mu bifaananyi (ng'ekyokulabirako, ebifaananyi ebikozesebwa mu bifaananyi, ebifaananyi ebikozesebwa mu bifaananyi ebikozesebwa mu bifaananyi ebikozesebwa mu bifaanan

Okuggyawo ebyuma eby'amaanyi n'ebintu ebikyusa:

Enkola: Okuyitira mu kufulumya n'okufulumya awamu, PAM esobola okuyamba okuggya ion z'ebyuma ebinene (eziriwo nga hydroxides oba complexes) ng'ezisiba mu nkola ya floc.

Ebikozesebwa mu bujjuvu: Okukozesa PAM entuufu kisobola okukendeeza ku bintu ebinywevu ebiriko amazzi ag'omusaayi okuva ku nkumi n'enkumi za mg/L okutuuka wansi wa 150 mg/L (okufulumizibwa), n'okutuuka wansi wa 30 mg/L (okuddamu okukozesebwa). Emiwendo gy'okunnyonnyola gisobola okulongoosebwa emirundi mingi okutuuka ku mirongo egikumi.

II. Ekisungulo eky'obuwanguzi: Okulonda obulungi

Tewali PAM "ey'ensi yonna". Okulonda kulina okuba okw'enjawulo ku kifo era n'amazzi ag'omusaayi. Okukebera mu laboratory kwetaagisa.

1. Okutegeera Ebika bya PAM

Ekisaanibwa okusinziira ku muwendo gwa ionic, PAM erina ebika bina ebikulu:

Cationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM): Essinga obulungi eri ebitundu ebirimu ebirungo, ebiriko ebirungo ebibi. Tekisangibwa nnyo mu kusimba okw'omunda mu kukola ebyamaguzi; ekozesebwa nnyo mu kuggya amazzi mu mazzi.

Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM): Ekika ekisinga okukozesebwa mu kukola ebyamaguzi. Ekisinga obulungi amazzi ag'ekika kya neutral oba ag'ekika kya alkaline okusaasaanya ebitundu ebitalina butonde (ng'ekyokulabirako, metal oxides, silicate slimes).

Non-Ionic Polyacrylamide (NPAM): Esobola okukozesebwa mu mbeera ez'ekika kya acidic oba ez'ekika kya neutral nga ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebitundu by'ebi Ekikwatagana nnyo ne pH mu mbeera ez'omunnyo naye kirina okusaasaanya okwangu.

Amphoteric Polyacrylamide (AMPAM): Ekikozesebwa mu mazzi ag'amazzi ag'amazzi ag'amazzi ag'amazzi ag'amazzi ag'amazzi ag'amazzi ag'amazzi ag'amazzi ag'amazzi ag'amazzi ag'amazzi ag'amazzi ag'amazzi ag Essinga okuba eky'ebbeeyi era si kya bulijjo mu kukola ebyamaguzi.

2. Enkola y'Okulonda Enkulu

Omutendera 1: Okunoonyereza ku Mbere y'Amazzi (Ekitongole)

pH Value: Ekitabo ekisooka eky'ekika kya ionic.

pH < 7 (Acidic): Okuteekawo obusookerwako obutali bwa Ionic (NPAM) oba Cationic (CPAM).

pH 7-14 (Neutral-Alkaline): Anionic (APAM) kitera okuba y'esinga okulonda.

Enkola y'ebikozesebwa mu by'amasannyalaze (SS) Enkola: Enkola y'ebyamaguzi (ekyuma, ekikopo, phosphate, ekikopo ky'ekikopo ky'ekikopo ky'ekikopo ky'ekikopo ky'ekikopo ky'ekikopo ky'ekikopo ky'ekikopo ky'ekikopo ky'ekikopo ky'eki

Zeta Potential: Ekigera omutindo gw'ebitundu. Obusobozi obubi ennyo bwetaaga CPAM ey'ebbeeyi ey'amaanyi okusobola okuziyiza; obusobozi obulungi bwetaaga APAM. Kino kye kimu ku bintu ebisinga okulondebwa mu sayansi.

Ebisalala eby'okukozesa: Ebikozesebwa, ebikozesebwa mu kukendeeza, n'ebirala, biyinza okukyusa ebintu ebiri ku ttaka ly'ebitundu, nga bikosa ku nkola ya PAM.

Omutendera 2: Okukebera mu Laboratory Jar (OBUWANGA)

Kino kikulu nnyo mu kukebera ekikozesebwa n'omutindo ogusinga obulungi.

Okuteekateeka ebifaananyi: Kukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi by'amazzi ag'omusaayi.

Okuteekateeka Enkola: Okuteekateeka enkola ya 0.1% ey'ebintu eby'enjawulo ebya PAM (ebipya okuteekebwawo, kozesa mu ssaawa 24-48).

Okugezesa okw'okusaasaanya:

Yongeza omutindo ogupimibwa ogw'ekirungo kya PAM wansi w'okusaasaanya amangu (200-300 rpm) okumala eddakiika 1-2 okusaasaanya okusooka.

Okukendeeza ku kukyusa mpolampola (50-60 rpm) okumala eddakiika 5-10 okulaba okutondebwa kw'ebitundu (obunene, obunene, n'omuwendo).

Okulabirira Okusinziira: Leka okusaasaanya. Laba amangu g'okusinziira, obulungi bw'ekitundu ekisingawo, n'obutonde bw'ekitundu ekisingawo.

Okukebera: Okukebera obuzibu oba SS bw'ekirungo. Geraageranya obulungi bw'ebika eby'enjawulo n'eddagala. Ekigendererwa kwe kuzuula ekikozesebwa ekituuka ku butereevu obwagala ku ddaala erisinga okuba ery'omutindo ogutono.

Omutendera 3: Okugezesa kw'omutindo gw'omutendera

Oluvannyuma lw'okugezesa kw'ebikozesebwa, kola okugezesa kw'okugezesa ku kifo okugezaako embeera entuufu (omuwendo gw'okutambula, amaanyi ag'okugatta) okukakasa ebivudde mu kunoonyereza n'okutereeza obulungi ebitundu by'emirimu

3. Ekitabo eky'Okulonda (Ekitabo eky'Okulonda)

Ekika kya OreEnkola z'amazzi ag'omusaayiEkika kya PAM eky'okwagalaEbiragiro

Iron OreNeutral-Alkaline, ebitundu ebiriko obuzito obubiHydrolysis Anionic ey'omutindo ogusingawo (APAM)Ekisinga okuba eky'omugaso, eky'amangu, eky'ebitundu ebinene

Omutundu gwa Copper/Lead-ZincEmirundi mingi acidic, erimu sulfur & ebyuma ebineneNon-Ionic (NPAM) oba Low Hydrolysis Anionic (APAM)Okusinziira ku pH n'obusobozi bwa Zeta

Ebyamaguzi bya zaabu (Cyanidation)Alkaline, erimu cyanidesAnioniki (APAM)

Amayinja ga PhosphateAcidikiEbitali bya Ionic (NPAM)

Amasannyalaze/AmasannyalazeNeutral, erimu ebisale by'amasannyalazeAnionic Hydrolysis ey'omutindo ogusingawo (APAM)Ebitali bya Ionic oluusi bikozesebwa

Okuggya amazzi mu mazziOkufulumya okw'amaanyi okuva mu bya clarifiersCationic ey'omutindo ogusingawo (CPAM)Ekikozesebwa mu bifaananyi bya filter/centrifuges

Weetegereze: Ekitabo kino kye kiragiro kyokka. Okukebera mu laboratory kikulu nnyo.

III. Ebintu ebikulu eby'okukozesa

Okuggyawo n'Okuteekateeka: PAM erina okugwawo mu bujjuvu ("okukadde") okusobola okukozesebwa. Kozesa ebikoola eby'okugatta ebintu eby'enjawulo era ogoberere amateeka ga "** okusaasaanya mpolampola mu vortex**" okwewala ebitundu ("amaaso g'ebyennyanja"). Okuziyiza kulina okuba okw'amaanyi okusobola okugatta naye si kw'amaanyi ennyo okuleetawo okwonooneka kw'ebitundu bya polymer.

Omutindo: Okusingira si kirungi. Okufuna ennyo kiyinza okuleetawo colloids okuddamu okuteekebwawo, okufuula amazzi agaddamu okuba ag'ekirabo, okukendeeza ku nkola, n'okwongera ku bbeeyi. Omutindo ogusingayo obulungi, omutindo ogusingayo obulungi wakati wa 1-10 ppm (g/ton y'amazzi), gusalibwa okuyita mu kukebera kw'ebikoola.

Obuzito bwa molekyuli: Obuzito bwa molekyuli obusinga obunene buwa amaanyi n'ebitundu ebinene naye bukyuka mpolampola era busobola okwonooneka. PAM ey'obuzito bwa molekyuli obw'omutindo ogusingawo (obukadde 12-18) ekozesebwa nnyo.

Okukyusa ku Kifo: Omutindo gw'amazzi gusobola okukyuka. Okulabirira okw'omu maaso n'okukyusa okutono omutindo gw'eddagala n'omuwendo gw'eddagala biyinza okwetaagisa.

Ekiwandiiko

Obukugu: PAM ya nkola nnyo era ye tekinologiya omukulu ogw'okusaasaanya obulungi, okukozesa amazzi, n'okutuukiriza mu kukola ebyamaguzi.

Okulonda: Enkola ya sayansi ey'enteekateeka. "Okugeza okusooka" y'amateeka ag'ezaabu.

Okukebera omutindo gw'amazzi (naddala pH ne Zeta Potential).

Okukebera ekika kya ionic n'ebintu eby'enjawulo okuyita mu kukebera kwa jar.

Okukola ebigezo by'okugezesa okumaliriza parameters.

Ekisungulo eky'obuwanguzi: Kolaganya n'abawagizi abalina obusobozi mu by'obukodyo abasobola okuwa ebifaananyi eby'enjawulo n'obuyambi mu by'obukodyo okukola ebigezo bino, okukakasa nti ofuna ebivudde mu bujjanjabi obulungi ku bbeeyi entono ennyo.